Flavonoids in Cannabis: What Are They and What Do They Do?
When we’re dealing with the subject of cannabis, cannabinoids take the central stage. Because they are the most dominating naturally occurring compounds present in cannabis plants, right? Nonetheless, some of you might talk about terpenes as well. Since they also play a vital role in defining the taste and aroma of cannabis. But, if you have a profound interest in exploring the varieties of cannabis compounds, you’ll certainly not overlook flavonoids in cannabis plants.
Just like cannabinoids and terpenes, flavonoids are secondary metabolites of cannabis sativa plants. To date, they are the most understudied compounds. That’s why we don’t have a vast resource regarding flavonoids. However, in this article, we aim to understand flavonoids, their types, and the role they play in cannabis plants and for cannabis users. We’ll investigate all these aspects based on the existing research and reliable resources.
So, What Are Flavonoids in Cannabis Plants?
Flavonoids in cannabis plants are natural compounds. They contribute to the plant’s pigment, aroma, and potential health benefits. Whether you’re a cannabis grower, user, or amateur researcher who wants to study this mysterious plant, know that flavonoids can be found in the leaves, stems, and flowers of cannabis or hemp plants.
The word “Flavonoid” comes from the Latin word “Flavus” which means yellow that describes their color in nature. To date, more than 8000 flavonoids have been identified from various plants. Among them, more than 20 flavonoids have been identified in C. sativa, the majority of which are flavone (apigenin and luteolin) and flavonol (kaempferol and quercetin) aglycones and glycosides.
In a 2020 study, researchers stated that flavonoid-rich foods (FRF) have surprising health effects which makes it justified to call them superfoods. The common sources of flavonoids-rich foods are tea, fruit, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, and wine. The same study also included leafy vegetables, onions, apples, berries, cherries, soybeans, and citrus fruits as important sources of dietary flavonoids.
This clearly indicates how important it is for cannabis plants as well to hold adequate amounts of flavonoids. In the following section, we’ll discuss the roles flavonoids play in cannabis plants.
What Do Flavonoids Do in Cannabis Plants?
Flavonoids in cannabis plants serve multiple key roles that benefit both plants and their users. In the plant, flavonoids (phenolic compounds) contribute to vibrant colors which help attract pollinators and prevent pests. They also protect the cannabis plant from harmful UV radiation and various diseases.
According to a recent study, flavonoids perform many functions like regulating cell growth, attracting pollinators insects, and protecting against biotic and abiotic stresses. Here abiotic stresses are temperature, ultraviolet radiation, drought, salinity, floods, heavy metals, etc. Biotic stresses mean harm caused by insects, herbivores, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, or weeds.
For cannabis users, flavonoids and terpenes help you to get the senses from the pigment and the flavor they provide. Also, flavonoids can enhance the therapeutic effects of the plant by working synergistically with cannabinoids and terpenes. This is called an “entourage effect”. As every cannabis strain like Indica, Sativa, or Hybrid has different ratios of these compounds (Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids), they produce different psychoactive and medicinal effects.
How Do Flavonoids Work in the Body?
Flavonoids along with cannabinoids, and terpenes interact with the cannabinoid receptors (e.g., CB1, CB2) through the body’s endocannabinoid system. When you consume flavonoids-rich foods like cannabis, they can act as an antioxidant. This means they help protect your body from damage caused by harmful molecules. Flavonoids in cannabis also have anti-inflammatory properties which can help reduce swelling and pain in the body.
However, these effects aren’t done by flavonoids alone. Cannabinoids (e.g., THC, CBD), and terpenes also work together and cause an entourage effect. The entourage effect is a theory that suggests the full spectrum of cannabis plants works best collectively. To achieve the full benefits of the flavonoids from cannabis consumption, get full-spectrum cannabis edibles.
List of Flavonoids in Cannabis and Their Effects
Now that you understand what flavonoids are and how they work. Now we’ll discuss different classes of flavonoids, common flavonoid types, and their effects.
Flavonoids are a diverse group of plant secondary metabolites. They are categorized into 6 main sub-classes based on chemical structure:
- Flavones: Known for their anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Examples: Apigenin, Luteolin. They are often found in parsley, celery, and chamomile.
- Flavonols: They have strong antioxidants that help plants fight against oxidative stress. Examples: Quercetin, Kaempferol. Apart from cannabis, found abundantly in onions, apples, and berries.
- Flavanones: These classes are often present in citrus fruits and have antioxidant effects. Examples: Hesperidin, Naringenin.
- Isoflavones: Mostly found in legumes (e.g., soybeans and fava beans). Examples include Genistein, Daidzin, and Glycitin
- Flavan-3-ols: Abundant in tea (especially green tea), cocoa, and fruits such as apples and grapes. Examples include Epicatechin and Catechin.
- Anthocyanins: They give vibrant colors to the plants and are responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors in fruits (berries, grapes) and flowers. Examples include Cyanidin and Delphinidin.
Now let’s discuss some of the common flavonoids found in cannabis. These are:
- Cannaflavin A
- Quercetin
- Apigenin
- Kaempferol
Cannaflavin A
It’s known for its strong anti-inflammatory properties. Unlike other flavonoids, it specifically prevents inflammation at a cellular level. According to one study, “Cannaflavins exhibit anti-inflammatory activity that is thirty times that of aspirin.” So, this makes it a promising natural alternative for managing conditions like arthritis.
Quercetin
Quercetin is one of the most common flavonoids that is recognized for its potent antioxidant and immune-boosting properties. It helps neutralize free radicals which reduces oxidative stress in the body. A recent study says “It is being found in more and more studies that quercetin could be extremely beneficial in treating cardiovascular Disease (CVD).” Quercetin also helps regulate pressure and reduce allergy symptoms by stabilizing cells.
Apigenin
Apigenin is celebrated for its calming effects on the nervous system. This flavonoid acts as a mild sedative and anxiolytic which helps to reduce anxiety and provide comfort installing relaxation in body and mind. It also has strong anti-inflammatory properties. Also, it is being widely investigated for its anti-cancer cancer activities and low toxicity.
Kaempferol
Kaempferol is another flavonoid that has strong antioxidants with anti-inflammatory effects. It supports heart health by improving circulation and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Kaempferol also shows promise in fighting cancer cells. According to a 2022 study, “this flavonoid possesses toxic activities against only cancer cells and has restricted toxicity on healthy cells.”
Key Benefits of Cannabis Flavonoids
Cannabis flavonoids are natural compounds that help to shape the plant’s color, flavor, and fragrance of the plants. They work alongside cannabinoids and terpenes to intensify the effects of cannabis.
According to a 2020 study, flavonoids possess several medicinal benefits, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties.
Here are some key benefits of flavonoids:
- Flavonoids such as cannflavins reduce inflammation and pain.
- Compounds such as quercetin and kaempferol protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.
- Some flavonoids inhibit the growth of cancer cells, reducing the risk of certain cancers
- Flavonoids, for instance, luteolin protects the brain and improves cognitive function.
- The calming effects of some flavonoids can reduce stress and anxiety.
Are There Any Risks or Side Effects?
Cannabis flavonoids don’t have any noteworthy side effects. They are generally considered safe. However, as with any dietary supplement, you should start with small amounts and monitor your body’s response. You can consider consulting a healthcare professional before adding any new substances to your daily routine.
How to Identify Flavonoids in Cannabis?
If cannabis users can identify flavonoids, it will help them purchase the best cannabis products including cannabis flowers, edibles, tinctures, or concentrates. Generally, cannabis flavonoids can be found on the leaves, flowers (buds), and stems of cannabis plants. However, the highest concentration of cannabinoids, flavonoids, and terpenes are typically present in the flowers (trichomes).
There are two effective ways to identify flavonoids in cannabis:
- Lab Testing
- Visual and Sensory Inspection
Lab Testing
While buying cannabis, read the label carefully or look for the flavonoid percentage in the COA (Certificate of Analysis) provided by the brand. Most reputed cannabis brands offer a third lab test certificate for their products.
In lab testing, techniques like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) can identify and quantify flavonoids in cannabis samples. Flavonoid molecules can also be found using UV-Vis spectroscopy because of the way they absorb light.
Visual and Sensory Inspection
If you don’t have access to lab test results, you can just look at cannabis and see what qualities make it high in flavonoids. As we said, flavonoids influence the color of the cannabis plant. For instance, Anthocyanins give purple hues, while Flavonols may give a yellow or white tone.
Also, while terpenes are mostly responsible for smell and taste, flavonoids can also influence these sensory attributes. You should also look for cannabis that smells strong. It’s important to keep in mind, though, that visual inspection might not always be the best way to go.
The Bottom Line
Flavonoids in cannabis are naturally occurring compounds like cannabinoids and terpenes. They can influence the aroma, flavor, and color of cannabis and hemp plants. When you consume cannabis flavonoids, they can offer you anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Some common flavonoids are apigenin, quercetin, cannflavins and so on.
If you’re a cannabis enthusiast and want to identify cannabis strains rich in flavonoids, you can check it through lab testing results that show different flavonoid percentages. Flavonoids function synergistically with other cannabis compounds, so getting a balanced ratio can assist you therapeutically.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Should I Smoke Cannabis for Maximum Flavonoids Benefits?
Smoking cannabis happens through the combustion of cannabis flowers. It may activate some flavonoids, but it also burns most of them. This may reduce the benefits. Tinctures might be better for getting most of the flavonoids. However, it still depends on the tincture preparations.
How Do I Know Which Flavonoid to Look Out for?
When consuming cannabis, look for flavonoids that will have the desired effects and benefits. You may look into quercetin, cannflavins, and kaempferol for example. All these compounds have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. We recommend checking the product information or lab reports for details on flavonoid content.
Are Flavonoids Found in Cannabis Trichomes?
Surely, cannabis flavonoids, along with cannabinoids and terpenes are found in trichomes. These chemical profiles can influence the taste, color, and smell of cannabis just like terpenes, and offer some great therapeutic benefits to cannabis lovers.